ABSTRACTS
Perceptions of Crisis: A German‐Japanese Comparison
Heinz Bude (University of Kassel), Ernst‐Dieter Lantermann (University of Kassel), Carola Hommerich (German Institute for Japanese Studies)
Just as in Germany, also in Japan the increasing precarity of living conditions has become a prominent topic in the media as well as in academic discourse. In Japan, after some thirty years of a strong self‐perception as “middle class society” (chûkan kaiso shakai), the new “gap society” (kakusa shakai) threatens not only the bottom fringe of society strongly affected by the economic crisis. The topic’s popularity is also closely connected to an individual fear of social decline in the middle spheres of society. Here, the effects of a shifted self‐image seem to be stronger than those of the objective demographic and socioeconomic change.
This raises the question as to what extent the subjective perception of one’s social status actually correlates with one’s objective position in the social system. Recent sociological discourse on social inequality starts to pay attention not only to objectively precarious living conditions. A strong influence on individual courses of action is also ascribed to the subjective perception of social status.
Previous research by the authors in Germany showed that the subjective perception of social status is not defined by one’s objective situation alone. The individual judgment of one’s situation has clear effects on strategies in dealing with uncertainties and risks. Whether or not a disadvantageous living situation is combined with a subjective perception of exclusion will result in essentially different reactions to the precarious circumstances.
To investigate whether similar results can be found in a different cultural context, the theoretical model developed by the authors, which combines external and internal resources, objective exclusion and precarity as well as subjective perception of exclusion to one interactive system, was tested in an empirical survey simultaneously in Germany and Japan in September 2009. The combination of sociological and psychological concepts proved fruitful especially in the intercultural context.
We would like to present the results of our surveys in Germany and Japan in direct comparison, focusing on the discussion of the resource‐precarity‐model in an intercultural context and analyzing differences and similarities of subjective exclusion in both countries.
Contact:
Prof. Dr. Heinz Bude, University of Kassel: Heinz.Bude@his‐online.de
Prof. Dr. Ernst‐Dieter Lantermann, University of Kassel: lantermann@uni‐kassel.de
Dr. Carola Hommerich, German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo: hommerich@dijtokyo.org
Roofs or jobs first? On the poor and homeless people in Tokyo.
Masato Kimura (Waseda University)
Japan enacted the Act on Special Measures concerning Assistance in Self-Support of Homeless in 2002 as temporary legislation with a ten-year term limit. Now it is about time for us to discuss what kind of "self-support" or "self-indepedence" has been assisted. In the view of the current situation of the Homeless people in Japan, the present address compares the results of the Goverment employment support through the Self-Support Centers and the "housing first" measures by Tokyo metropolitan City, which moved out the homeless people out of parks to apartment rooms.
Happiness in Japan and Germany – An assessment by students
Florian Coulmas (German Institute for Japanese Studies), Wolfgang Jagodzinski (University of Cologne)
It has often been argued that the East Asian understanding of happiness differs from that of Western societies because Asian societies tend to be more collectivist, while Western societies put a premium on individualism, and that, therefore, happiness in both cultures is difficult to compare. One way of investigating to what extent Western and East Asian societies differ with regard to happiness-related cognitions, evaluations and emotions is to examine lay theories of happiness. This paper reports on a survey carried out to this end. It investigates beliefs of Japanese and German students about happiness. By way of reporting our findings we first describe the structure of beliefs about the causes of happiness and well-being and then go on to address the question whether and where differences between Japanese and German subjects can be expected. The findings show that there are both communalities and differences some of which are consistent with the notion of Japan as a more collectivist society than Germany, while others call for a different interpretation. A broader discussion of the results of our survey in the light of the recent Japanese government survey about the happiness of the Japanese people concludes the paper.
Psychological Consequences of Post-Industrial Anomie on Self and Motivation Among Japanese Youth
Vinai Norasakkunkit (Minnesota State University), Yukiko Uchida (Kyoto University)
There is an increasing population of youth in Japan, up to five million individuals, who have withdrawn from participating in society because they are either fully or partially Not engaged in Employment, Education, or Training (i.e., NEET) and do not fit any particular DSM diagnostic criterion. It is argued that the increasing population of NEETs in Japan is, in part, a product of Japan’s “rough” transition into a post-industrial economy which is causing a state of anomie among many Japanese youth (Zielenziger, 2006). The purpose of the current study was to examine the social psychological characteristics (malleability of self, explicit/implicit self-construal, and persistence in response to success/failure feedback) of NEETs in Japan. In the first study, students who were high risk and students of moderate to low risk of becoming NEET, according to the NEET risk factor scale we developed, were given either success or failure feedback upon completing a challenging task. When the opportunity to continue on a similar challenging task was presented, moderate to low risk students were more likely to persist on the challenging task upon being given negative feedback compared to being given positive feedback. This motivational pattern is consistent with the typical Japanese response found in Heine and colleagues’ (2001) cross-cultural study on persistence. In contrast, the opposite pattern was found with high risk students, much like the motivational pattern found among North Americans in Heine and colleague’s cross-cultural study. In study 2, real NEETs and students were compared on attitudes which reflect self-perception and malleability of self, as well as family relationship factors as predictors of risk. Differences between types of NEETs was examined. Implications for understanding the NEET problem as a symptom of cultural change was also discussed.
The Regional Differences of Youth Employment in Japan
Ritzuko Kuze (Hosei University)
In Japan, the policies to the youth unemployment and the young people's unstable irregular employment are emphasized to make them regular employment workers, and have not been considered preventing poverty by the social security system until recently.
Because the ratios of offers to young job seekers are vary widely by region, the emigration from the area with a few offers of a position to the area with many offers of a position is active. The migrations generate young people who fall into poverty immediately when losing one's job in the place separated from the supports of their families.
Competition in international perspective: How German, Japanese, Hungarian and Canadian young adults conceptualize competition?
Márta Fülöp (Institute for Psychology Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
Competition is a key concept of present day market economy and a politically pluralistic society. The present study compares university students’ concepts of competition of four societies with a different historical-political and cultural background. Respondents filled in a questionnaire with open-ended questions asking about their ideas on competition in general, their presonal attitude towards competition, and their perception of the role competition plays in the university life and the society. The answers were content analyzed and categorized. Students’ attitudes and views differed in many aspects indicating that the notion of and attitudes towards competition are embedded in the historical-cultural context.
Climate Policy Instrument Choice in Japan and Germany: An Exercise in Advanced Cross-Country Political Economy
Sven Rudolph (University of Kassel)
How can we decide on which climate policy instrument fits best in a specific societal setting? Answers to this question differ a lot between scientific disciplines such as economics (Tietenberg/Lewis 2008) and political sciences (Jänicke/Kunig/Stitzel 2003). In practice, while in Japan command-and-control, moral suasion, voluntary action, and subsidy programs still dominate climate policy (Rudolph/Park 2010), market-based instruments such as emissions trading and eco-taxes are clearly on the rise in Germany (Park/Rudolph 2010). This paper shows how these differences can be understood more thoroughly and proposes country-specific policy recommendations. The paper uses an inductive political economy approach, combining Public Choice’s focus on political actors with political sciences’ focus on exogenous societal conditions (Nutzinger/Rudolph 2006) and using qualitative empirical data.
Literature
Jänicke, Martin/Kunig, Philip/Stitzel, Michael (2003): Umweltpolitik. Bonn: Dietz
Park, Seung-Joon/Rudolph, Sven (2010): kankyouseisaku-no keizaitekishudan-ni kansuru seijikeizaigaku, doitsu-ni okeru EU-haishutsuwakutori-hikiseido-no dounyuukatei-ni chakumoku shite (The Political Economy of Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Policy – An Empirical Approach Applied to the Introduction Process of EU-ETS in Germany). In: kaikei kensa kenkyu (Government Auditing Review), Vol. 41, March 2010 (forthcoming)
Rudolph, Sven (2005): Handelbare Emissionslizenzen – Die politische Ökonomie eines umweltökonomischen Instruments in Theorie und Praxis. Marburg: Metropolis
Rudolph, Sven/Park, Seung-Joon (2010): Lost in Translation? The Political Economy of Market-Based Climate Policy in Japan. In: Dias Soares, Claudia et al. (Ed.): Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, Vol. VIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming
Tietenberg, Tom/Lewis, Lynne (2008): Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. Boston: Addison-Wesley
Social Market Economy and German Social Policy - Focusing on a Desirable Social Policy
Chikako Mori (Saga University)
In this Presentation it is considered how German social policy after WWII have been influenced by the “Social Market Economy (SME)” concept. SME is the basic principle of German economic and social policy, and it is defined as “what combines the principle of freedom in market with social adjustment”. Social adjustment can be interpreted as social policy, and the comprehension of desirable social policy differs among founders of SME. I classify the difference into ”Eucken-type”, “Müller-Armack-type”, and “Erhard-type”, analyze the change of German social policy based on this classification, and look toward future of SME.
Reconstruction of public sphere by mediation and cooperation of neighborhood association and nonprofit organization as intermediate group
Naoko Eizawa (Kansai University)
The aim of this article is to identify intermediate groups with neighborhood association and nonprofit organization by making a comparative study. Both of them have lately attracted public attention. They are regarded as actors of public sphere. In former public sphere public and private stood in opposition. New public sphere will consist of three dimensional; public-common-private. Intermediate groups as actors of common dimension mediate between public and private, and besides, between tradition and contract. Common dimension may consist of diverse actors. I would like to conclude that public sphere can reconstruct in cooperation with diverse intermediate groups.
Regional Planning and Local Autonomy in Germany after 1945: The case of Baden-Würrtemberg 1950s to 1960s
Toshiaki Yamai (Ritsumeikan University)
Individual interests and interests of society cannot be always compatible. That holds true also for the case of regional planning. A regional planning can be possible only under restricting the power of member communities to make a decision for their own development. How are the interests of a region and its member communities adjusted? In my presentation I’d like to investigate the process of establishment of the system of regional planning in Germany after the World War II. Baden-Württemberg, a German state with a tradition of a strong local autonomy, will be the object of my investigation.
Validity of applying German model to re-organization of Japanese local autonomy system : A case study of Kiso-machi (Nagano)
Takashi Namba (Osaka University of Economics)
After the regional reforms of the mergers of Heisei era, Japanese local autonomy systems are on the way to changing structure. It is the introduction of the idea, so-called "associations for cooperation". The central subjects of my report consist of the following three points.
1) The reality of “associations for cooperation” in Japan
2) Decentralization in the subsystem of the local government in Germany
3) Validity of applying German model to re-organization of Japanese local autonomy system : possibility of the "associations for cooperation" in Japan.
Conditions of the Formation and the Decline of Urban Community as a “Historical Intermezzo”: A Critical Supplement to Max Weber’s Theory of Cities
Yuichiro Minami (Ohkagakuen University)
In this report I would like to show the following three points.
1. I would like to demonstrate Max Weber’s typology of cities critically. At the last meeting in Osnabrück, I discussed Weber’s Eurocentric view in connection with his argument on civil community. This time, I would like to discuss the conditions of the formation and the decline of urban communities (Stadtgemeinde).
2. While Weber explains in great detail how the urban communities formed, he hardly mentions theoretically and historically their decline. Thus, it is necessary to confirm further the development of the classical ancient cities and the medieval cities from the viewpoint of urban history.
3. Weber indicates three conditions for the formation of urban communities. On the other hand, he does not explain sufficiently the decline of urban communities. In this presentation I would like to examine the problems of Weber’s theory.
The Pop-Charts in Tokyo: Populism or Democracy?
Mototaka Mori (Waseda University)
Since the 1990s the political situations in Japan has been changing very complicatedly. Using the empirical research data, which I have been engaged in the voting trend research of the Gubernatorial Election in Tokyo, I intend to show you some characteristic aspects of the voters’ political behaviors, particularly their image preferences.
The questionnaires, which I have been designed, are chiefly constituted by lots of questions of the four pointed image scale. If we observe the main politicians’ positions on the image scattering maps since 1999, we can know some typical cases of big jump and big fall like the pop music charts. However, some of them have been almost always standing on the same or similar positions.
Since 1999 the Governor of Tokyo Mr. Ishihara has been pointed on the similar spot, which has been supporting very positively by the older generations. However, two important events in the last half of 2009, namely the regime change from the LDP to the DPJ and the failure of the Olympic Games 2016 invitation to Tokyo, have been influencing upon his preferable spot. A strong nationalistic tendency, which shows us as symptom typically in him, seems us to be being steadily isolated and exposed
I would like to conclude how this phenomenon of isolation and exposure has been related with the older generations, which have been supporting him for a long time.
After the Japanese 2009 General Election: Realignment or Ongoing Transition?
Carmen Schmidt (University of Osnabrück)
The victory by the main opposition party, the Democratic Party of Japan, in the 2009 Lower House election ended more than half a century of almost uninterrupted rule by the conservative Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. The DPJ-led opposition camp secured 340 seats against just 140 for the LDP-Kômeitô ruling bloc. In the opposition camp, the DPJ alone had 308 seats. The landslide victory of the DPJ marks at least a tentative end of a set of fundamental changes in the party system that began with the conservative LDP split in 1993. The LDP splits were followed by the decline of the then largest opposition party, the SDPJ, and the subsequent finding of a number of new parties during the 1990s. In the late 1990s, the DPJ was found, replacing the SDPJ as the biggest opposition party. The victory of the DPJ in the 2009 election has spread expectations that we will see a viable and stable two-party-system in the future, with two parties, or two alliances of parties, competing for power. By analyzing the structural conditions that facilitated the party system change, especially with respect to changes and variations in voting behavior patterns and party support, we try to assess further developments and prospects of Japan’s “new” party system. Our data, however, are pointing to further dealignment rather than alignment or realignment and suggest that this is an enduring feature of Japanese party politics.
From Separation and Marginalization to Assimilation into Mainstream Middle Class?: A Comparison of the Dominant Life Courses of Ethnic Minorities in Germany and Japan
David Chiavacci (Free University Berlin)
Germany and Japan have often been described as closed society to immigrants because their nationhood and citizenship principles are based on blood lineage (jus sanguinis) in opposition to France or the U.S. with a territorial principle (jus soli). However, such a simply dichotomization does not justice to the complex processes of separation, marginalization, integration or assimilation. In this paper, dominant life course patterns of different ethnic minorities in Germany and Japan will be analyzed over time. This should lead to a more nuanced and better understanding of Germany and Japan beyond a stereotype of socially closed societies.
From "ethnic" to "civic"?: The transformation of national identity and the immigrant integration policy in Germany since the 1970s
Shigeki Sato (Hosei University)
My presentation will discuss the transformation of the German national identity represented in the public discourse regarding the immigrant integration policy of the Federal Republic of Germany since the 1970s. As is well known, Germany officially claimed to be a "nonimmigration country" ("kein Einwanderungsland") until the 1990s. Immigrants were regarded as "foreigners" ("Ausländer") who were not included in the "German nation." As the new citizenship law and the immigration law passed in 1999 and 2004 respectively, however, the self-conception of Germany as an "immigration country" came to be widely accepted. After 2005 the federal government began to actively pursue the "Integration" of "immigrants" ("Zuwanderer" or "Migranten") by hosting "integration summits" and promulgating the "national integration plan." In this shift of the immigrant integration policy in these decades, the former "ethnic" or "blood-based" conception of the German nation has been less frequently mentioned. The self-understanding of the German nation seems to have changed into a more "civic" one, which is framed by the constitutional principle of the "liberal-democratic basic order." But this process of change was not so smooth but rather highly contested. My presentation will illuminate this complex and conflicting process by analyzing the public discourse of immigrant integration as a "field" (P. Bourdieu) of discourse, where such "public" organizations and individuals as the federal and local governments, major political parties, a variety of mass media, and opinion-making intellectuals and politicians each make a claim on the issue of immigrant integration, pursuing to take a "good" position in the field.
How to Find One’s Lifestyle in a New Culture
Paul G. Schmitz (University of Bonn)
Currently, there is a passionate debate conducted in the Federal Republic of Germany how people with an immigrant background should find their lifestyles within a culture that is markedly different from that of their own or of their family’s origin. Much of the public discussion focuses on deficits and maladaptive behaviour rather than on successful adaptation. Additionally, the discussion is overshadowed by prejudices, overgeneralizations and misinterpretations whereas existing empirical studies conducted in that field are largely neglect. In the present contribution data will be presented and compared that were collected on the level of society as well as the individual level. Findings will be reported for participants with different ethnic and socio-cultural backgrounds, like Europeans, “Muslims” and Asians. There were similarities as well as marked differences how people define their lifestyle. A number of variables were identified that predict successful socio-cultural adaptation, including coping styles and acculturation strategies. Additionally, language skills and feelings of cultural identity were found to contributed to socio-cultural and emotional adaptation and professional success.
Der Kinderwunsch junger Männer im Kontext von Wohlfahrtsstaat und Lebenslauf
David Georgi (Universität Duisburg-Essen)
Im Rahmen des Diskurses zur lowest-low fertility ist der Bereich des männlichen Kinderwunsches ein bisher eher stiefmütterlich betrachteter. Gerade im Zuge sich aufweichender Geschlechtsrollen und verschwimmender Strukturen in den Lebenslaufbereichen der Arbeit und der Familie junger Männer nimmt die Relevanz dieser Fragestellung jedoch in modernen Gesellschaften zu. Der Kinderwunsch junger Männer kann in seiner nicht realisierten Form als Zeugungsstreik oder Zeugungsaufschub aufgefasst werden und muss in seinem Kontext aus wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Rahmenbedingungen und den sich wandelnden Lebenslaufbereiche Arbeit und Familie analysiert werden. Im Fokus der Analyse stehen die Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen drei Bereichen und deren Bedeutung für die Realisierung des Kinderwunsches junger Männer bzw. das Auftreten eines Zeugungsstreiks bzw. Zeugungsaufschubes. Als Datengrundlage dienen hierfür Tiefeninterviews mit jungen Männern und Wohlfahrtsakteuren aus der Politik und Wirtschaft. Der ausführliche Exkurs zur Situation in Japan soll die spezifischen kulturellen Besonderheiten des Kontextes (Wohlfahrtsstaat und Lebenslaufmodelle) auf den Kinderwunsch verdeutlichen.
One or Two Pathways to Modernity? Family formation in Japan and Germany
Bernhard Nauck (Chemnitz University of Technology)
Two prominent thesis on social change concur with regard to the ongoing development of family systems in the process of general social change, namely the model of the "second demographic transition" and the model of "family change". (1) The model of the "second demographic transition" was developed by the social demographers Dirk van de Kaa and Ron Lesthaeghe. Van de Kaa and Lesthaeghe claim that the more recent demographic developments in those societies, which follow the culture of the "Western European Marriage Pattern" (especially the Western, Southern, and Central parts of Europe and the descendants of the British Empire in America and Australia), are the result of a fundamental value change, which results in later marriage, higher divorce rates, increasing proportions of non-marital living arrangements, stable low birth rates and especially high proportions of lifelong childlessness. Their model is based on information diffusion, and as information diffusion is not bound to specific areas but takes place, wherever modern information technology and mass media are available, the second demographic transition should develop in all societies, where these conditions are given. (2) The model of "family change" of Cigdem Kagitcibasi was developed nearly at the same time (in the mid-1980ies). The specific claim of Kagitcibasi's model is that in collectivistic "cultures of relatedness", family modernization follows a different pathway than in the individualistic cultures. A fundamental change from family-and-kinship-based utilitarian system of solidarity to systems of close emotional bonds, lifelong relatedness, and psychological support. This implies that in these societies marriage rates will remain stable high (with maybe delayed timing), divorce rates will remain relatively low, birth rates may reduce to low numbers (up to "the" one child), but childlessness will not be a voluntarily chosen option.
The paper is based on a systematical comparison of both models and will provide an empirical test, based on analysis of family change in Japan and Germany. Germany is historically part of the Western European Marriage Pattern and one of the most affluent societies in the world. Japan is chosen because of its belonging to the collectivistic East Asian culture in combination with an already long lasting industrialization, individual affluence, and ongoing access to Western mass media information, and thus potentially influenced by the ideas resulting in the second demographic transition. The empirical test is based on 8 cumulated demographic and family surveys from both societies, including 13.287 cases from Japan and 53.233 cases from Germany, and covering the family formation process of individuals born between 1930 and 1980. Starting with a comparison of demographic time series for both societies, the paper investigates differences and similarities in the family formation process in both societies, analyzes the respective influence of social inequality on family formation and its change over a period of 50 years in both societies. Finally, the paper tests, whether the respective change can be explained by the diffusion of individualistic values in affluent societies or whether both societies follow a different pathway - maybe with in many regards similar outcomes but different causes.
Presentation at the 11th Meeting of the German-Japanese Society for Social Sciences
(7-9 October 2010, Hosei University, Tokyo)
Value of Children and Intergenerational Relations in Japan
Makoto Kobayashi (Tamagawa University), Naosuke Itoigawa (Mukogawa Women’s University), Yoshiharu Tachibana (Gifu University), Tomoko Fujitani (Mukogawa Women’s University), Yuko Yato (Mukogawa Women’s University), Gisela Trommsdorff (University of Konstanz)
The aim of the present research was to investigate the inter-generational differences regarding the “Value of Children” and the related family values in the Japanese society from cross-cultural perspectives. A) 102 grandmothers, B) 102 mothers (daughters of A) and 102 high school students (daughters of B) were asked to answer the interview about their value orientation concerning the value of children and family values. The questions items of the interview consisted of four main variables: 1) general values (individualism vs. collectivism), 2) value of children (reasons for wanting a child), 3) family values, and 4) parental goals. The interviews were implemented in four different regions: Osaka, Kobe, Gifu and Tokyo. The results revealed significant main effect of generation in respect of general values, value of children and family values. The high school students showed significantly higher values for individualism in comparison to mothers and grandmothers, but the high school students who put emphasis on their personal freedom also maintained traditional family values quite strongly. As for many items of family value, the V-shaped pattern (higher value for grandmothers and high school students while lower value for mothers) appeared, which implies a new, unique type of conservatism at Japanese youth today. With regard to the reason for bearing a child, emotional and psychological values proved out to be dominant over the economic and normative values for all three generations. As for the regional difference, the sample from the rural Gifu area turned out to be more tradition-oriented than the samples from other regions. The subjects from the metropolitan Tokyo area showed more salient intergenerational differences in family values in comparison to the other regional samples. The implications of these Japanese data for the international comparison in the Value of Children were discussed from the cross-cultural and clinical-developmental viewpoints.
Urusai! and Ruhe!: A Contrastive Analysis of Routine Formulas in Japanese and German
Yoshinori Nishijima (Kanazawa University)
Urusai! in Japanese and Ruhe! in German are functionally equivalent routine formulas because they can be uttered for the same purpose in a corresponding situation between Japan and Germany. However, both expressions are grammatically and semantically different. The aim of the paper is twofold: 1) to analyze other corresponding routine formulas in Japanese and German and 2) on the basis of the analysis to show that differences in their linguistic formulation patterns can be explained from a cognitive linguistic point of view.
Die Gestaltung meines Zimmers: Raumästhetik im interkulturellen Vergleich Schweiz/Japan
Andreas Wenger (University Applied Sciences Basel)/ Kazuko Pfeiffer-Egawa (University of Zurich)
Projektteam:
Thomas Bachmann, lic. phil. Kunsthistoriker
Dr. Kazuko Pfeiffer-Egawa, Dipl. Psychologin
Prof. Andreas Wenger, Dipl. Architekt
Gegenstand der Forschung:
Dem Konzept „Lebensraum“ von Kurt Lewin (1936 bzw. 1969) folgend, ist der Lebensraum eine Repräsentation des Individuums selbst (die „psychologische Person“) und eine Repräsentation des Weltausschnittes (die „psychologische Umwelt“). (Vgl. Lang 1979). Beide Ebenen interagieren miteinander. Sie bestimmen beim Individuum die Art und Weise der Wahrnehmung des Raumes, z.B. in seiner Bedeutung oder in seiner Ästhetik.
Der Lebensraum ist nicht ein abgeschlossenes Konstrukt. Er ist ein System ineinander gefügter Teile wie z.B. Raumteil, Zimmer, Wohnung, Haus, Lage etc. (Schurian 1986). Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1983) betrachtet die Architektur nach der Körperhaut und den Kleidern als dritte Haut.
Der Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist der dem Individuum am allernächsten stehende Raum innerhalb dieses grossen Systems des Lebensraumes, also der Ort der hautnah als „mein, nur mir alleine zur Verfügung stehendes Zimmer“ bezeichnet werden kann. Man kann annehmen, dass sich die psychologischen Erfahrungen in Bezug auf diesen Ort (z.B. Wahrnehmung und emotionelle Erlebnisse) für das jeweils betroffene Individuum kulturell bedingt unterscheiden.
Ebene der Untersuchung:
In Bezug auf das Thema „Gestaltung meines Zimmers“ werden folgende Dimensionen befragt:
Art des Standortes
physikalische Gegebenheiten
Zustand
Ausstattung
Durchlässigkeit der Grenzen zum Umfeld (andere Menschen, physiologische Sinnesreize)
Zufriedenheit
Reflexion
Defizit (was man sehr vermisst)
Bedeutung des „eigenen Zimmers“
Assoziationen
Elemente, die ein Zimmer als „schön“ und „gefallend“ erleben lassen
Elemente, die ein Zimmer als „behaglich“ erleben lassen
Methode:
Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus einem quantitativen und einem qualitativen Teil. Die Datenerhebung wird in Basel (Schweiz) und in Tokyo (Japan) anhand eines standardisierten Fragebogens durchgeführt. Als Probanden werden an beiden Standorten 30 unverheiratete Personen beiderlei Geschlechts in der Lebensphase zwischen Ausbildungsabschluss und Heirat ausgewählt. Die Daten werden in einem interkulturellen Vergleich zwischen Japan und der Schweiz aufgearbeitet.
Eine Betrachtung über den Vergleich aus dem Lebensstil im Alltag zum Volkstum in Deutschland und Japan - Ein Ansatz zur Entstehung und Beständigkeit traditioneller Verhaltensweisen
Kunihiro Kamiya (Kansai Universität)
Mein Beitrag besteht aus den drei Absätzen.
Erstens：Durch den Vergleich der Verhaltensweisen im Alltag zwischen in Deutschland und Japan würde ich die Kontraste beider Nationen auf verschiedenen Ebenen herausnehmen.
Zweitens：Aus dem obengenannten Vergleich würde ich die Eigenschaften bzw.die Unterschiede des Volkustums beider Nationen extrahieren, vermuten und in Ordnung bringen.
Drittens：Am Schluss würde ich die Hintergründe bzw.die Bühnenausstatungen nachsuchen,die jedes Volkustum ausbildet und pflegt hatten. Dabei würde ich die ökologische Geschichtsauffassung bzw. die Umweltsgeschichtsauffassung als das Paradigma zur Analyse anwennden.
Das neue Gesetz über Patientenverfügungen in Deutschland - Ein Überblick
Ulrich Lohmann (Alice-Salomon University)
Der Bundestag hat 2009 ein Gesetz über Patientenverfügungen verabschiedet. Dem war eine lange wechselhafte Entwicklung und eine bis zuletzt streitige Diskussion vorausgegangen. Kernpunkte der Auseinandersetzungen waren u.a. der Indizcharakter bzw. die bindende Wirkung einer früheren Willenserklärung, Formerfordernisse (mündlich, schriftlich, notariell), Geltung in jeder Lebenslage oder nur bei nahendem Tod, eine vorlaufende Pflicht, sich aufklären und beraten zu lassen oder schließlich die Beteiligung der Vormundschaftsgerichte bei der Umsetzung von Patientenverfügungen.
Im Falle des Fehlens einer (ausreichenden) Patientenverfügung haben Betreuer bzw. Bevollmächtigter den mutmaßlichen Willen des Patienten festzustellen und auf dieser Grundlage stellvertretend zu entscheiden.